Other Hormones

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Leptin Peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue Provide signals to the hypothalamus regulate multiple response mechanism An increase in adipose tissue mass results in concentrations of letpin sufficient to induce hypothalus to: decrease food intake increase energy expenditure modulated other hormones that decrease lipogenesis and increase lipolysis Leptin is a satiety factor in rodents. Mice unable to produce leptin or with abnormal receptors are obese. The administration of leptin results in weight loss with defective production. In obesity humans, however, leptin levels are elevated, consistent with greater fat tissue. In general, the elevated leptin levels decrease with weight loss. It is possible this decrease in leptin increases appetite and consequent weight regain. Leptine is limited in its therapeutic effectiveness because obese individuals exibit marked resistance to the appetite-reducing effects of leptin. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996;334:292-5. Myostatin Myostatin genetic alterations deletions cause reading frame shifts cause extreme muscle hypertrophy AKA: double muscling a member of superfamily of related molecules called transforming growth factors beta